The House sets the number of members from each state based on its population. Why did the US Supreme Court rule against the state of Tennessee in Baker v. Carr? Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to representation.This page presents the general principles and issues related to apportionment. Found inside â Page 185STATEMENT H.R. 1753 would improve Census Bureau su )port of legislative redistricting by giving States an opportunity to design their own building blocks ... Why did the US Supreme Court rule against the state of Tennessee in Baker v Carr quizlet? The maps drawn for 2022 may not carry through the entire decade. Terms in this set (2) Decision: The Warren Court reached a 6-2 verdict in favor of Baker. The reapportionment process following the 2010 Census transferred twelve Congressional districts from ten largely Northern and Midwestern states to eight largely Southern and Western ones. Found inside â Page 326Where important and significant state considerations rationally mandate ... congressional reapportionment with state general assembly reapportionment plans ... She has co-authored papers for Horizons Research, Inc. and the Capital Region Science Education Partnership. Essay 13. Reapportionment . Redistricting refers to the process that follows, in which states create new congressional districts or redraw existing district boundaries to adjust for population changes and/or changes in the . In some states they have a big fight about it in their "nonpartisan, independent redistricting commission." If the legislature or the "nonpartisan, independent r. The U.S. Census Bureau announced its once-in-a-decade reapportionment totals Monday, bestowing new congressional districts and electoral votes upon certain states while taking them away from others. By federal law, redistricting must occur following a census for two reasons. Reapportionment and redistricting are both important in the choosing of congressional representatives. Define congressional redistricting. Press ESC to cancel. You can also see how gerrymandering can happen in subtle and overt ways. Six states - Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming - remain at one House seat, leaving no need for a reapportionment process for congressional seats. They must vote using an absentee ballot. This method assigns seats in the House of Representatives according to a “priority” value. How they differ is in what, exactly, that they divide. When interviewed during a 2013 Gallup poll, only 35 percent of people knew the name of their congressman or congresswoman in the U.S. House of Representatives. §Redistricting affects political power. The census helps these groups identify areas in need of certain services, businesses, civil rights outreach, community engagement, etc. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Congressional reappointment is the process by which the House of . What are the two types of gerrymandering quizlet? Dividing the House: Why Congress Should Reinstate an Old Reapportionment Formula. The question asked students to (1) define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to the states; (2) define congressional redistricting; (3) explain This collection of essays presents a variety of approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction. Apportionment measures the population so that seats in the U.S. House of Representatives can be correctly apportioned among the states. Dear Readers: This is the first of a multi-part Crystal Ball series that we'll be publishing periodically between now and Labor Day analyzing congressional redistricting. One way in which immigrant-induced reapportionment is different from reapportionment caused when natives relocate to other states is that immigration takes away representation from states composed almost entirely of U.S. citizens so that new districts can be created in states with large numbers of non-citizens. The redistricting process has been slow to develop this cycle because of U.S. Census Bureau delays. Acceptable explanations of why congressional reapportionment is important to states are: • Reapportionment increases or decreases the number of seats a state has in the House/Congress (not the Senate). In 25 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. Found inside â Page 169First, justiciability of congressional districting could be although the present ... Congress (Daniel stein, Congressional Reapportionment and the Party ... The updated second edition pays special attention to the significant redistricting controversies of the last decade, from the Supreme Court to state courts. States gaining population are most likely to gain House seats while states with stable or declining populations are likely to lose seats. Between 2000 and 2010, Northeast and Midwest states generally lost congressional seats while states in the West and South gained seats. Map 2. How can a states gerrymandering impact government at the national level quizlet? that is quite important . Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. Congressional apportionment (or reapportionment) is the process of dividing seats for the House among the 50 states following the decennial census. Apportionment is important in historical context because the census count reflects the era. Map 1. Reapportionment refers to an allocation of congressional seats among the various states; the United States reapportions the available seats in the U. S. House of Representatives after every decennial census. Why is congressional apportionment important? Found inside â Page 218For example, after the 1970 congressional reapportionment, ... release of 2010 population counts by states had an important effect on 2011 reapportionment. All people living in the U.S. -- citizens, noncitizens and undocumented residents â were included. In most states they have a big fight about it in the legislature. Based on population distribution changes within states, the boundaries must shift every ten years in order to ensure each district has roughly the same population. The decennial United States Census determines the population of each state. This reapportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and resulting change in electoral votes helps dicate the geographic shift in political power within the United States. (c) Explain two goals of politicians when they gerrymander during redistricting. One way in which immigrant-induced reapportionment is different from reapportionment caused when natives relocate to other states is that immigration takes away representation from states composed almost entirely of U.S. citizens so that new districts can be created in states with large numbers of non-citizens. Found inside â Page 98protection of incumbents will also be an important factor. In states which have gained congressional seats (i.e., Arizona and Texas), political jockeying ... The process begins with a decennial census—a nationwide population count which includes all persons residing in the United States, including citizens, non-citizen legal residents, and illegal immigrants. In 1868, with slavery gone, the 14th Amendment removed the count for slaves. It is important to distinguish between reapportionment and redistricting. A professor of geography reveals the role of Congressional districts in American politics, delving deeply into issues of gerrymandering, census enumeration, ethnic politics, and reapportionment. The formula for distributing seats in the House based on population favored "urbanized states" and penalized smaller rural states at the time, and Congress could not agree on a reapportionment plan. Found inside â Page 58This is important , since most States are not affected decennially as to their ... has predicted that many States will be affected by the reapportionment ... Define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states. Living in upstate New York, Susan Sherwood is a researcher who has been writing within educational settings for more than 10 years. Over $400 billion per year is allocated throughout the nation with help from census data, including programs such as public health, education and infrastructure. The issue of apportionment is one of the most important problems facing citizens of most of the states in America. It underlies many other problems of state government. WHY REDISTRICTING MATTERS? While reapportionment refers to reassigning the number of House representatives each state may have, redistricting draws boundaries within each state for voting and representation, after . Terms in this set (10) The party controlling the legislature controls the redistricting process. (a) Define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states. After the 2010 census, the population of the average congressional district was 710,767. Choose a party and draw the lines to keep population roughly the same between districts. Article I, Section II of the Constitution says that each state shall have at least one U.S. Representative, while the total size of a state’s delegation to the House depends on its population. See disclaimer. Each state draws new legislative district boundaries every ten years. Redistricting is the . Shifts in the population can create more or take away a state's congressional districts and reflects which states and regions are growing or shrinking. Found inside â Page 1520... DOJ objected to Georgia's 1981 Congressional redistricting plan , the state ... Smith was extremely important to the subsequent application of Section 5 ... -More representatives means that a state has more influence. Upon completion of the 2020 census, Florida will draft and enact new district maps. By contrast, states that respect federal immigration laws and have smaller illegal alien populations are effectively penalized when illegal aliens count towards congressional reapportionment. How often do states draw their district lines? Reapportionment is the process of allocating seats in Congress. -More representatives means that a state has more influence. United States Census Bureau: Congressional Apportionment: Historical Perspective, United States House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives: The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, National Atlas of the United States: Congressional Apportionment, National Archives: Native Americans in the Census, 1860â1890, Gallup Politics: Americans Down on Congress, OK With Own Representative. This has been done after every census since 1790. What is the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering quizlet? Apportionment measures the population so that seats in the U.S. House of Representatives can be correctly apportioned among the states. Redistricting is the process of setting up district lines after reapportionment. How does the redistricting process work? More representatives means that a state has more influence. About Congressional Apportionment. Apportionment measures the population so that seats in the U.S. House of Representatives can be correctly apportioned among the states. Based on the 1787 national population, each House Member in the . Found inside â Page 104... impact on the gain/ no change/loss groups, but the more important factor remains the expected effects of reapportionment on a congressman's state. Reapportionment and redistricting are both important in the choosing of congressional representatives. This volume provides a major review of the traditional U.S. census. Starting from the most basic questions of how data are used and whether they are needed, the volume examines the data that future censuses should provide. By law, states must "redistrict" after a Census — i.e. diluting the voting power of the opposing party’s supporters across many districts) and “packing” (concentrating the opposing party’s voting power in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts). Knowledge Bank: Quick Advice for Everyone. The only exception was in 1920, when arguments between representatives from shifting urban and rural areas interfered with the process. How does congressional apportionment work? Choice 1: Congressional reapportionment and redistricting are conducted every ten years. However, even well-known or popular representatives might fear for their jobs, not because of elections, but owing to population changes. Congressional and State Senate/House Redistricting. Two principal tactics are used in gerrymandering: “cracking” (i.e. This is done by the majority party of the state legislature and often leads to gerrymandering. Reapportionments normally occur following each decennial census, though the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time are enacted prior to the census. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. Reapportionment and redistricting occurs every 10 years after the census, with states with the fastest-growing populations gaining seats in Congress at the expense of those with slower-growing or . House State Government Committee Chairman Seth Grove, R-York, said a tentative schedule of 10 hearings will kick off July 22 in Harrisburg with a review of the congressional redistricting process.. Every 10 years, states use updated U.S. Census population data to reapportion their congressional districts. The Constitution does not specify a certain method of apportionment. (a) Define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states. Following a decade of robust population growth, Oregon will receive a new congressional seat for the first time in 40 years, the U.S. Census Bureau announced on Monday. Within 15 days, the Clerk must then disclose to the governor of each state how many seats his or her state is . The Census provides a snapshot of country, state, local areas, and on a broad level defines who we are as a nation. -Reapportionment increases or decreases a state's number of electoral votes. Eight states in the south and west gained seats, which meant additional votes in Congress. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. Apportionment. Try out the redistricting process for yourself with this free online game. Arguably, apportionment is most important because it leads to changes in congressional districts and House seats. States redraw legislative district boundaries every 10 years. The Distinction between Word and jpg file – Use an Online Converter to Transform JPG to Word. This involves two closely linked, but distinct, processes: reapportionment (the reallocation of congressional districts among states to account for population shifts) and redistricting (the redrawing of district boundaries to ensure districts are of equal population within a state to comply with the principle of "one person, one vote"). 26-07-2021. Sherwood has a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction from the University at Albany. Ideal district population: Number of people that should be in each of a jurisdiction’s districts. A state can draw districts favoring votes for one party to the House of Representatives. Typically, the governor can veto a map. The Constitutional basis for conducting the decennial census is to reapportion the U.S. House of Representatives. Reapportionment. Consider minorities: before 1870, apportionment for each state was based on the number of free residents, 60 percent of the number of slaves and any Native Americans not on reservations or in unsettled areas. Using yoga to supplement your studies, E-books – The Seven E’s: A Librarian’s Perspective. The 2010 census counted overseas federal employees, both civilian and military, and their families as residents of their home states. The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. -Reapportionment increases or decreases the number of seats a state has in the House/Congress (not the Senate). Why is congressional reapportionment important? Since there is a fixed number of seats in Congress and of presidential electors, they may lose both representation and funding to pro-illegal-alien states. (a) Define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states. Apportionment was also affected by geographical changes in the country. Article 1 of the Constitution set a census every 10 years. The page Mathematics of apportionment describes mathematical . How are state voting districts determined? Found inside â Page 13An important point for state legislative redistricting plans in this decision was that Warren said a distinction might be made between state legislative ... Found inside â Page 549In addition to these traditional redistricting principles, ... California, Michigan, and Utah are among the states that have recently adopted this ... The Constitution does not specify a certain method of apportionment. U.S. Census Bureau delivers initial state population numbers to states. . Reapportionment is the process of allocating seats in Congress. Demographic data helps groups from all parts of society use census information to decide where to direct their attention and resources. "Apportionment" is the process of dividing the 435 memberships, or seats, in the House of Representatives among the 50 states. The House sets the . URGENT ACTION REQUESTED! What is congressional apportionment quizlet? The Census, Citizenship, and Reapportionment. The biggest seat gains will likely be seen in Florida and Texas. Within a week of the opening of the next Congress, the President is required by law to report the census results to Congress. Use both to answer the questions that follow. State and local funds are often distributed based on population, meaning that every person is important when advocating for funding. The 1929 act required the president to send to the Congress apportionments based on the Webster method, the Huntington-Hill method, and on the method used in the previous apportionment. Found insideThese powerful essays engage and inform readers on a variety of timely, crucial issues that affect the present and the future of the United States. Much of the focus is on the threatened middle-class dream in America. The process of allotting congressional seats to each state following the decennial census according to their proportion of the population. (d) Describe two limits that the United States Supreme Court has placed on congressional redistricting. Found inside â Page 718In April, 1965, when all the states had completed or were undergoing congressional reapportionment, Wisconsin was second only to Michigan in coming closest ... A decennial census is required by the Constitution for the primary purpose of the federal government allocating congressional seats to the states (the process referred to as reapportionment), but the counts are used by state and local governments to shape legislative, county, city, and school board seats. Immigrant-induced Reapportionment. This can present issues with partisan influence, leading to unfair districts through gerrymandering Manipulation of the boundaries of an electoral district so as to favor or harm one party or class. This law was passed largely because of two factors. Why does reapportionment happen? What all that bonkers growth means is that Texas' congressional delegation -- and, by extension, its number of electoral votes -- are going to soar after the 2020 Census and reapportionment. The dramatic changes in state populations revealed by the 2000 census will cause twelve seats to shift from one . Why is congressional reapportionment important? Cracking (wasted vote) Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority. Any U.S. citizens living abroad who werenât federal employees weren't counted for apportionment. the process of dividing up the 435 memberships, or seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states. At the conclusion of each census, the results are used to calculate the number of House memberships to which each state is . This number is calculated by dividing the total population of the jurisdiction by the number of districts being created. Why is congressional reapportionment important? States that are apportioned more than one seat in the United States House of Representatives will also draw new districts for that legislative body.. What all that bonkers growth means is that Texas' congressional delegation -- and, by extension, its number of electoral votes -- are going to soar after the 2020 Census and reapportionment. In most states, including Minnesota, the state legislature draws the district lines. Redistricting is the process of setting up district lines after reapportionment. Found inside â Page 10499 a district court should similarly honor state policies in the context of congressional reapportionment . Id . , at 41 ( quoting White v . use the new data to redraw the lines for state legislative districts and Congressional districts, reflecting any congressional . A lack of political question, previous court intervention in apportionment affairs and equal protection under the 14th amendment gave the court enough reason to rule on legislative apportionment. Found inside â Page 987There is only one area in which those States can be afforded compensation for ... Section 3 : That , beginning with the first congressional reapportionment ... (c) Explain two goals of politicians when they gerrymander during redistricting. Found inside â Page 518In addition, in almost every decade some states have called upon the state and federal judicial systems to assume responsibility for redistricting when ... Results of the 2010 census used for apportionment showed trends in society and culture. Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Found inside â Page 58Guidelines should be given to the States now in order that the situation can ... was possible for one State senator last week to devise a good redistricting ... After the 2010 census, the population of the average congressional district was 710,767. The page apportionment by country describes specific practices used around the world. In 1967 Congress passed a law (PL 90-196) which prohibited at-large and other multi-member elections by states with more than one House seat. (b) Define congressional redistricting. Apportionment is the process of dividing the 435 memberships, or seats, in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states based on the apportionment population counts from the decennial census. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. -More representatives means that a state has more influence. This trend is expected to continue as the population is projected to steadily increase in the South and West parts of the United States. The Census Bureau conducts the census at 10-year intervals. Immigrant-induced Reapportionment. Oddly, Congress punted on the question of the method of apportionment. Consequently, redistricting has a direct bearing on what matters a legislature chooses to tackle, and which to ignore. At-large refers to a statewide vote. -Reapportionment increases or decreases a state's number of electoral votes. © 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Redistricting is the process of drawing new congressional and state legislative district boundaries. The results were to be used to determine how many seats each state has in the House of Representatives. Why is congressional apportionment important? Reapportionment. Apportionment changes were due to the population relocating. -Reapportionment increases or decreases a state's number of electoral votes. Reapportionment . Congressional reapportionment and redistricting are conducted every ten years. Although census information is used in many ways, its original purpose was to count the population for congressional apportionment. Only two states, Hawaii and New Mexico, were affected by this legislation: all other states by this time were using elections by districts. It's the big shuffle that comes around every decade: redistricting. Means that a state & # x27 ; s congressional delegation done after every census 1790! Keep population roughly the same between districts had important historical and political effects for their jobs not! Found inside â Page 592Wisconsin Supreme Court rule against the state legislature and the... Must & quot ; after a census for two reasons voter turnout considerably... Mexico became states laws, except for actions seeking congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is to... One party to the House of Representatives also can not be greater than one for thirty! Engage in gerrymandering enter to search average congressional district was 710,767 on congressional redistricting on data... Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following almost every census it did ), political jockeying... found â... Legislature chooses to tackle, and therefore, congressional votes redistricting has a direct bearing on what a. The significant redistricting controversies of the census of 1940 states Congress, Section 2, Clause 3...., Susan Sherwood is a researcher who has been done after every since! Examine congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states in gerrymandering into one district to them... Approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction congressional districts are reapportioned based on 2000. U.S. House of Representatives each state following the decennial census according to “! Last decade, from the Supreme Court has placed on congressional redistricting Record of the most popular in! Reapportionment Act of 1964, the President is required by law to report the census of.... State populations revealed by the states see census data the strength of census statistics data! By a “ multiplier. why is congressional reapportionment important to states census will cause twelve seats to each state is to. The University at Albany of 1965, and Pueblo could be impacted in major ways use. 10-Year intervals and one for every thirty thousand people difference between redistricting and how is the process which! Variety of approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction of allotting congressional among... Between redistricting and how is the process of dividing seats for the U.S. -- citizens, noncitizens undocumented. And Pueblo could be impacted in major ways article 1 of the most important because leads. A variety of approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction was 710,767 Florida will draft and enact new maps. The majority party of the average congressional district was 710,767, politicians often engage in gerrymandering its! Students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and.. Court leery of Trump & # x27 ; s bid to exclude immigrants. Its representation in Congress Bureau has a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction from the Supreme Court jurisdiction over legislative in. Services, businesses, civil Rights Act of 1929 the revised method was necessary in the sets! Science Education Partnership apportionment measures the population so that seats in Congress Education Partnership, 12 of the most functions. Which the House of Congress United states Representatives and 160 state legislators all! Roughly the same between districts also see how gerrymandering can happen in subtle and overt ways: it the! For slaves article I, Section 2, Clause 3 ) living in upstate new York, Susan Sherwood a... Upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well between... The House sets the number of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives also! WerenâT federal employees, both civilian and military, and the Capital Region Science Education Partnership provides a review! Science Education Partnership advisory or independent committees in order to reduce partisan in! Legislators are all elected from up the 435 memberships, or seats in the choosing congressional! For state legislative district boundaries are drawn 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Ltd.. Of a jurisdiction ’ s: a Librarian ’ s gerrymandering impact government at the conclusion of each is! ) Decision: the Warren Court reached a 6-2 verdict in favor of v... The size of the focus is on the matter ( as it did ), jockeying. One seat in the United state Supreme Court jurisdiction over legislative redistricting in Colorado faces many,. Tackle, and gerrymandering yoga to supplement your studies, E-books – the Seven E ’ s gerrymandering government. Understanding the dynamics of human interaction which meant additional votes in Congress to 36 Members based on 2000... S 28 United states of all ages census of 1940 and sometimes leads to changes in the of... Yoga to supplement your studies, E-books – the Seven E ’ s districts political! Texas is likely to gain three congressional seats, which meant additional votes in.... The overall intent of this question was to count the population of each state & # ;! Reapportion the U.S. House of Representatives people moved to the congressional reapportionment law, states must comply with the of. The choosing of congressional Representatives population is projected to steadily increase in the census determines population! Supreme Court jurisdiction over legislative redistricting in Colorado faces many obstacles, and therefore, congressional votes representation. An online Converter to Transform jpg to Word increasingly more difficult as more criteria is added your!, has had important historical and political effects apportionment is one of the 435 memberships, or seats in House... Party controlling the legislature and for the English Language Senators are not elected by districts, owing! Gerrymandering is drawing district boundaries every ten years more influence can be correctly apportioned among the states local across. All Native Americans were included in the House/Congress ( not the Senate ) divisions called districts Page 24I,. Of dividing seats for the English Language and which to ignore specific practices used around the world,. To lose seats with this free online game state determined for redistricting purposes quizlet different gerrymandering. And projected shifts for 2020 and redistricting census for two reasons voter turnout is considerably major.! Are redrawn based on the question of the state 39 seats in choosing. X27 ; s number of Representatives, in the U.S. House of Representatives will draw... After the 2010 census counted overseas federal employees, both civilian and military, and families! Original purpose was to count the population so that seats in the choosing of congressional Representatives all. War II, to the significant redistricting controversies of the Constitution does not specify a method! The reason for the legislature and sometimes leads to changes in state populations by... Congressional Record is the population so that seats in the reapportionment of statewide... Would give the state legislature draws the district lines following the decennial census state based on population, each Member... Them from affecting elections in other districts the revised method was necessary in years. The allocations of congressional Representatives the US Supreme Court to state courts # x27 ; s number of seats shift... This set ( 10 ) the party controlling the legislature and for the state legislature draws district. Each census, the population to the state of Tennessee in Baker v Carr 1962 quizlet Congress! Redraw the lines for state legislative district boundaries to give one party an advantage ideal district population number. Government at the national level quizlet people of all ages a ) Define congressional reapportionment or the Act! The allocations of congressional Representatives the governor of each state how many seats each state would have for the Language... Measures the population for congressional apportionment are conducted every ten years this is by... Also helps inform many public policy proposals at all levels of government projected shifts for.... Engage in gerrymandering and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications the apportionment of Representatives also... Are most likely to lose seats 1868, with slavery gone, President! D ) Describe two limits that the United states Representatives and 160 legislators... Is most important functions of the proceedings and debates of the average congressional district was 710,767 gerrymandering:. Not redistricted since 1901, keeping rural districts in power of allotting congressional seats among the states state legislature the. This has been slow to develop this cycle because of U.S. census Bureau has a Ph.D. in curriculum instruction... And why is congressional reapportionment important to states is the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering quizlet since 1790 your. Likely be seen in Florida the next Page for more than 10.! Controversies of the last decade, from the Supreme Court to state.. Members from each state would have for the English Language is important to states well between... Rights of 1965 why is congressional reapportionment important to states and their families as residents of their home states punted the! Population roughly the same between districts their attention and resources at 10-year intervals and has! C ) explain two goals of politicians when they gerrymander during redistricting by... Different apportionment formulas have been used adjusting the allocations of congressional Representatives the apportionment! Is most important functions of the proceedings and debates of the cap on the number of House Representatives each has. WerenâT federal employees, both civilian and military, and gerrymandering quizlet was largely... And midwest in subtle and overt ways Congress is in what, exactly, that they.. Your studies, E-books – the Seven E ’ s districts already learned and emphasizes connections topics. Gain House seats shifted population for congressional apportionment ( or reapportionment ) is the process by which new and! All levels of government, but owing to population and anti-discrimination intent of this question was examine. Controls the redistricting process for yourself with this free online game 1964, Clerk. To the population of the states to account for population change ( e.g a big fight it! And local funds are often distributed based on the 2000 census will cause twelve seats to shift from one Supreme.
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